Screening oat germplasm for better adaptation to cold stress in the Southern Great Plains of the United States

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the Southern Great Plains of the United States. However, it is more sensitive to cold stress than other small grains. In this study, diverse oat germplasm was evaluated for winter survival across multiple years and locations in the region. Field screening started with an observation trial of 1,861 diverse genotypes in the 2012–2013 season and was followed by four seasons of replicated trials from 2013 to 2017. Selection of good winter survivors was started in 2014–2015 season. All trials were laid out in randomized complete blocks with replications of two in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, four in 2015–2016, and three in 2016–2017. Winter survival was scored in a 1‐to‐9 scale. Data were analysed for each year and location separately. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis were carried out on combined data of 35 genotypes that were commonly grown in each year and location. Highly significant (p < 0.001) variations were observed among genotypes, environments and genotype‐by‐environment interaction (GEI). The first three interaction principal components (IPCs) were highly significant (p < 0.001), explaining 96% of GEI. Broad sense heritability ranged from 46% to 93%, while heritability for all environments combined was relatively low (24.6%). At the end of the two cycles (2014/2015‐to‐2016/2017) of selection, mean winter survival was improved by more than 38% per cycle compared with the base population mean. Genotypes CIav 4390, CIav 6909 and CIav 7618 showed significantly higher winter survival than the standard checks Okay and Dallas. Genotypes CIav 4390 showed 20% and 35% improvement over the standard checks Okay and Dallas, respectively. Winter survival improvement in oat will remain a difficult task because of high GEI and low heritability. The identified superior genotypes will be used as crossing parents to transfer cold tolerance genes to other elite lines.     

1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂对温室黄瓜蚜虫防治效果试验

[目的]比较3种1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂对温室黄瓜蚜虫防治效果。[方法]施用3种试剂,并在处理前及处理后1、3、7 d分别调查蚜虫数量。[结果]三保奇花-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂、清源保-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂和碧琪-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂,药后7d对黄瓜蚜虫的防效分别为90.26%、81.82%和70.42%。[结论]三保奇花-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂作为生物农药表现出优异的防效。     

30%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂对甜玉米田杂草的防效及安全性

研究30%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂在甜玉米田的应用效果,在甜玉米不同叶龄期开展田间试验,评价其对杂草的防除效果及对甜玉米的安全性。结果表明,30%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂在甜玉米3～4叶期或6～7叶期施药,900～1 575 g a.i./hm2剂量范围内对甜玉米品种粤甜28安全,对玉米田常见杂草凹头苋、光头稗、马唐和香附子的防效及增产效果均显著高于对照药剂38%莠去津悬浮剂2 160 g a.i./hm2播后苗前处理。推荐30%烟嘧磺隆·莠去津·硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂在900～1 350 g a.i./hm2范围内,甜玉米3～5叶期茎叶喷雾使用。     

福建黄兔线粒体基因组全序列测定与分析

福建黄兔是中国优良的小型兼用品种，从线粒体水平分析福建黄兔在兔形目动物中的系统发育地位，对探究其起源、进化和种群分类具有重要意义。利用PCR高保真扩增技术和生物信息学软件对福建黄兔线粒体基因组进行获取、拼接与注释。结果发现福建黄兔线粒体基因组全长17 000 bp(Genbank No.MN518689)，主要包括tRNA基因（22个）、rRNA基因（2个）、蛋白编码基因（13个）和控制区（1个）4 部分，基因排列紧密。除控制区，共存在37个编码基因，有9个基因由轻链（L链）编码，其余28个编码基因均由重链（H链）编码。22个tRNA基因中，除 tRNA-Ser(AGY)基因由于缺失DHU臂不能形成三叶草结构外，其余21种tRNA基因均可折叠形成经典的三叶草结构。控制区含有3种结构域：延长终止序列区（ETAS1和ETAS2）、中央保守区、保守序列区（CSB1、CSB2和CSB3），其中，CSB1和CSB2间存在200 bp的短重复序列，CSB3和tRNA-Phe间存在306 bp的长重复序列。基于线粒体基因组控制区序列构建10 种兔形目动物的系统进化树，结果表明福建黄兔起源于穴兔，支持将福建黄兔划归为穴兔属。     

长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌的抑制作用

为探明长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌的作用机理，采用对峙培养、显微观察、孢子萌发、室内防效测定等方法研究其抑制能力和防治效果。结果表明：长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌具有较强的抑制作用，对峙培养7 d时，长枝木霉T6菌株对该病菌的抑制率为60.09%；显微形态观察表明：长枝木霉T6菌株菌丝与美洲南瓜枯萎病菌菌丝发生缠绕；长枝木霉T6菌株发酵液对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌分生孢子萌发具有明显的抑制作用，抑制率为31.00%；长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病具有较好的防治效果，室内盆栽防效为69.06%。     

Monitoring shrimp growth with control charts in aquaculture

This work proposes a method for the statistical monitoring of the weekly weight of shrimp in a fish farm. The design of control charts for shrimp growth presents several challenges, the main ones being the presence of trend and autocorrelation. Several control charts are proposed, the most efficient being a chart based on the residuals of a second order autoregression whose parameters vary with the week. A control chart with less computational complexity is also provided. It is simply based on growth rates and works well at detecting negative weight changes. Real data from a large shrimp farm has been used for both the design and the evaluation.     

江苏省丰县苹果生产绿色防控现状调查与分析

为了解2017—2018年丰县地区苹果生产及绿色防控现状,在丰县梁寨、师寨、大沙河以及宋楼4个镇的13个苹果种植村,调研农户的基本信息、生产经营情况以及果园病虫害防治及管理情况。调查结果表明,丰县地区的苹果种植户主要负责人多为男性,且年龄整体偏大,总体文化水平较低,其中同时具备党员或村干部资质的人数较少;在气候正常年份（2017年）,丰县地区苹果平均产量可达到 29178.6 kg/hm²,平均售价2.4元/kg,平均收入73608元/hm²;而在遭遇极端气候影响的年份（2018年）,苹果的产量锐减50%以上,平均售价上涨约1.8倍,但农户总体收入减少;农药与肥料的投入是生产资料成本的最重要构成部分,均占到总投入的40%左右,其构成比重受生产资料成本波动的影响较小;现阶段丰县地区苹果园中最高发的病害为斑点落叶病、轮纹病,腐烂病以及炭疽病也有一定程度危害,高发的虫害为梨小食心虫、绣线菊蚜、山楂叶螨以及绿盲蝽;针对病虫害,所有苹果种植户均采用化学防治的方法,而使用农业防治、物理防治以及生物防治措施进行综合防治的农户比例不高;大部分种植户喷药次数集中在9~12次/年,首次喷药时间集中在3月末4月初,末次喷药时间各有不同;农资店为种植户农药的主要购买渠道,且大部分种植户选择由农资店代为配制,其中过半数的种植户选择根据当年各自果园中的情况喷施;丰县地区苹果喷药机械化程度较高,目前小型全自动化机动式喷雾器覆盖率已超过80%。     

川西高原苹果主要病害发生规律及综合防治研究

2011-2013年，采用定点观察、实地调查和座谈访问的方式，对川西高原苹果主要病害进行了调查研究。结果表明：苹果腐烂病、苹果早期落叶病、白粉病、霉心病等为害严重。结合其发病规律，提出了综合防治技术措施。     

Pythium soft rot of ginger: Detection and identification of the causal pathogens,and their control

Ginger is considered by many people to be the outstanding member among 1400 other species in the family Zingiberaceae. Not only it is a valuable spice used by cooks throughout the world to impart unique flavour to their dishes but it also has a long track record in some Chinese and Indian cultures for treating common human ailments such as colds and headaches. Ginger has recently attracted considerable attention for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal properties. However, ginger as a crop is also susceptible to at least 24 different plant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes. Of these, Pythium spp. (within the kingdom Stramenopila, phyllum Oomycota) are of most concern because various species can cause rotting and yield loss on ginger at any of the growth stages including during postharvest storage. Pythium gracile was the first species in the genus to be reported as a ginger pathogen, causing Pythium soft rot disease in India in 1907. Thereafter, numerous other Pythium spp. have been recorded from ginger growing regions throughout the world. Today, 15 Pythium species have been implicated as pathogens of the soft rot disease. Because accurate identification of a pathogen is the cornerstone of effective disease management programs, this review will focus on how to detect, identify and control Pythium spp. in general, with special emphasis on Pythium spp. associated with soft rot on ginger.     

Factors affecting costs for on-farm control of salmonella in Swedish dairy herds

Background

The Swedish control program for salmonella includes restrictions and on-farm control measures when salmonella is detected in a herd. Required control measures are subsidised by the government. This provides an opportunity to study costs for on-farm salmonella control. The aim of this study was to describe the costs for on-farm salmonella control in Swedish cattle herds and to investigate the effects of herd factors on these costs in dairy herds.

Results

During the 15 years studied there had been a total of 124 restriction periods in 118 cattle herds; 89 dairy herds, 28 specialised fattening herds and three suckler herds. The average costs per herd for on-farm salmonella control was 4.60 million SEK with a median of 1.06 million SEK corresponding to approximately 490 000 and 110 000 EUR. The range was 0.01 to 41 million SEK corresponding to 1080 EUR to 4.44 million EUR per farm. The costs cover measures required in herd-specific control plans, generally measures improving herd hygiene. A mixed linear model was used to investigate associations between herd factors and costs for on-farm salmonella control in dairy herds. Herd size and length of the restriction period were both significantly associated with costs for on-farm control of salmonella with larger herds and longer periods of restrictions leading to higher costs. Serotype detected and administrative changes in the Swedish Board of Agriculture aiming at reducing costs were not associated with costs for on-farm salmonella control.

Conclusions

On-farm control of salmonella in Swedish cattle herds incurred high costs but the costs also varied largely between herds. Larger herds and longer restriction periods increased the costs for on-farm control of salmonella in Swedish dairy herds. This causes concern for future costs for the Swedish salmonella control program as herd sizes are increasing.